Why councils choose ozone
Chlorine remains the workhorse disinfectant for distribution residual, but it has serious limitations for primary disinfection. Chlorine cannot reliably kill Cryptosporidium — the pathogen behind some of the worst waterborne outbreaks in New Zealand's history — without dosing levels that produce unacceptable disinfection by-products (THMs, chlorates, bromates). Ozone inactivates Cryptosporidium at practical CT values, kills Giardia in seconds, and destroys taste-and-odour compounds (geosmin, MIB) that chlorine cannot. Importantly, ozone is normally used in combination with chlorine — ozone as the primary disinfectant at the plant, chlorine for distribution residual. This dual-barrier approach is increasingly the standard recommended by Taumata Arowai for surface-water and high-risk groundwater supplies.

